You can use Kickstart to enable Remote Management, which then enables Screen Sharing (and is managed by Remote Management).
The reason you cannot Kickstart screen sharing anymore is the same rationale behind User Approved MDM.
If you push the package/script remotely, anyone can enable it (or enroll a device in a JSS) without needing user intervention. This was a security measure added in 10.13 that requires a PHYSICAL click for User Approved MDM and enabling screen sharing. Apple won't let you script it or use a VNC to do so anymore. Why it's that way, I don't know.
#!/bin/sh
/System/Library/CoreServices/RemoteManagement/ARDAgent.app/Contents/Resources/kickstart -targetdisk / -activate -configure -clientopts -setmenuextra -menuextra no
/System/Library/CoreServices/RemoteManagement/ARDAgent.app/Contents/Resources/kickstart -targetdisk / -configure -users lab -access -on -privs -all
/System/Library/CoreServices/RemoteManagement/ARDAgent.app/Contents/Resources/kickstart -targetdisk / -configure -allowAccessFor -specifiedUsers -privs -all
/System/Library/CoreServices/RemoteManagement/ARDAgent.app/Contents/Resources/kickstart -targetdisk / -restart -agent -menu
/usr/sbin/systemsetup -setremotelogin on
/System/Library/CoreServices/RemoteManagement/ARDAgent.app/Contents/Resources/kickstart -config -clientopts -setmenuextra -menuextra no
exit 0
This however, configures Screen Sharing/Remote Login for a specific user only.