Are you’re DP’s all set to use http? If not you have to allow smb/afp through your firewall to present to your network .
Far simpler from a security risk is to implement a cloud DP that sits outside
I suspect while you may have both SMB and HTTP enabled for your Distribution Points, that you're probably using SMB when your tests are successful.
With your firewall set to any/any, use a web browser to download a package. You'll need the full URL to the package along with the correct HTTP or HTTPS protocol. If that works, then Jamf should work.
Alternatively, you could also open port 139 (or 445, depending on what you used) for your Distribution Point and see if that works when the more restrictive rules are in place. If it does, then you're not utilizing the web service for download.
Thanks. I allowed SMB and it's working.
@ralvarezOES It'd be worth your while to figure out why HTTP/HTTPS from your Distribution Point didn't work as those protocols generally provide a much more performant experience than SMB. In addition to adding support for resumable downloads, they eliminates the need to mount and unmount the SMB volume to download whatever you're installing.