We've personally just used Composer for this. Open it up (New and modified), changed the desktop picture, and then set save it. I believe it's just one plist file that gets saved, apple.desktop.plist maybe?. You could do that, push it out, and it would change everyones desktop for that.
For you it would be the plist file and also the desktop picture itself.
We do it so our students can't change the desktop picture, we set it to reset on every logout, but you could always do it just once per computer.
I found this on an rtrouton blog (https://derflounder.wordpress.com/2013/10/26/mavericks-desktop-background-picture-settings-moved-from-librarypreferencescom-apple-desktop-plist/)
Copy your image to /Users/Shared/CorpImage.jpg, then issue this command. I think for this one, the user needs to be logged in when you run it.
osascript -e "tell application "System Events" to set picture of every desktop to "/Users/Shared/CorpImage.jpg""
This information is saved in "/Users/Hawky/Library/Application Support/Dock/desktoppicture.db" so you could distribute that file to your users in their user directories of course.
My environment has the same requirement.
I am using this
I have a policy to "cache" the script and a second policy set to run once per user per computer.
The method @ShaunM9483 is using is what we will begin to use with 10.11.
(deleted - weird that I got a double post hours apart)
In my environment I change/replace the default wallpaper in /Libraries/Desktop Pictures/
In Mavericks it's Wave.jpg
In Yosemite it's Yosemite.jpg
In El Capitan it's El Capitan.jpg
I then drag it into Composer. Then I also add in our custom default login wallpaper located at /Library/Caches/com.apple.desktop.admin.png
I make the two images similar so there's a seamless transition between the login screen and desktop. It's a nice effect.
Then add a chflags script to the policy to lock the login wallpaper so OSX doesn't overwrite it.
Lots of ways to skin this cat
@Hawky sounds like a bug to me. Could be worth popping it over to JAMF support so they can log it.
I just tried Graham's python script mentioned above on 10.11.3. Worked fine. I'm always in favour of python or bash commands/scripts over file copies, particularly in the later OS versions.
Thanks for your suggestions everyone. I'll give a few of them a try with the test group and see how they get on.
I've reported it to JAMF as a possible bug with 9.82 :)