When applying a "Security & Privacy" config profile to a Mac with High Sierra with any combination of settings the Content Caching service is automatically disabled. I can work around this by applying a Restrictions profile and enabling "Allow Content Caching". I notified JAMF support of this, below is a snip from their response. I didn't find any existing discussions regarding this bug so I just wanted to make people aware.
Turns out you were dead on right, this is reported Product Issue on our end (PI-004822) and we at this point we are trying to determine whether this is strictly a Jamf issue or if Apple has role as well. The workaround is also precisely what you indicated, adding a Restrictions payload and Allowing Content Caching. I have attached this case to the PI and the place to look for a future resolution would be via the Release Notes of the next JSS version